What Is Vulvodynia?

Vulvodynia is a condition characterized by chronic pain or discomfort in the vulva, the external genital area of women, with no clear identifiable cause. This condition can significantly impact a person’s quality of life, negatively affecting their physical comfort, emotional wellness, and sexual satisfaction. While vulvodynia is relatively common, it remains poorly understood, often leading to misconceptions and challenges in diagnosis and treatment.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of vulvodynia can vary among individuals but typically include:

1. Burning or stinging pain: This pain may be constant or intermittent, and it can range from mild to severe.
2. Rawness or soreness: Some individuals may experience feelings of irritation or rawness in the vulvar area.
3. Itching or throbbing: Itchiness or a throbbing sensation may also accompany the pain.
4. Pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia): Many women with vulvodynia experience pain during or after sexual activity, which can negatively impact their intimate relationships.
5. Pain with activities like sitting or exercising: Activities that put pressure on the vulvar area may exacerbate the pain.

Types of Vulvodynia:

1. Generalized vulvodynia: This type involves pain that occurs in various areas of the vulva and may be present constantly or intermittently.
2. Localized vulvodynia: This involves pain that is localized to a part of the vulva, such as the vestibule, the vaginal opening (a condition known as vestibulodynia), or the clitoris (clitorodynia). Pain with pressure or touch, such as during sexual activity or tampon insertion, is a hallmark of this type of vulvodynia, rendering it “provoked” vulvodynia. When pain occurs without pressure or touch, it is known as “spontaneous” vulvodynia.

Causes and Risk Factors:

The exact cause of vulvodynia is unknown, and it likely involves a combination of factors, including:

1. Nerve issues or injury: Some researchers believe that abnormalities in the nerves of the vulvar region may contribute to the development of vulvodynia.
2. Hormonal influences: Fluctuations in hormone levels, particularly estrogen, may play a role in vulvodynia. Experts believe that the use of hormonal contraceptives may contribute to vulvodynia in some cases, though more research is needed to understand this potential relationship fully.
3. Genetic predisposition: There may be a genetic component to vulvodynia, as it often occurs in women with a family history of chronic pain conditions.
4. History of vaginal infections or trauma: Previous infections, injuries, or surgeries involving the vulvar area may increase the risk of developing vulvodynia.

Diagnosis and Treatment:

Diagnosing vulvodynia can be challenging due to its complex nature and varied presentation. Healthcare professionals typically perform a thorough medical history and physical examination, including a pelvic exam, to rule out other potential causes of symptoms.

Treatment for vulvodynia focuses on symptom management and may include:

1. Topical medications: Prescription creams or ointments containing local anesthetics, steroids, or nerve-modulating agents can help alleviate pain and discomfort.
2. Oral medications: Antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and muscle relaxants may be prescribed to help manage pain and improve symptoms.
3. Pelvic floor physical therapy: Working with a specialized physical therapist can help relax and strengthen the pelvic floor muscles, reducing tension and pain in the vulvar area.
4. Lifestyle modifications: Avoiding irritants such as harsh soaps, tight clothing, and certain types of exercise may help reduce discomfort. Using lubricants during sexual activity can also help minimize pain.
5. Psychotherapy: Counseling or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) may be beneficial for addressing the emotional and psychological aspects of living with chronic pain.

In some cases, a multidisciplinary approach involving various healthcare professionals, such as gynecologists, pain specialists, and mental health professionals, may be necessary to develop an effective treatment plan tailored to the individual’s needs.

For more information on this topic, please read these publications from the ISSM Journals: The Journal of Sexual Medicine, Sexual Medicine Reviews, and Sexual Medicine Open Access:

Patterns in Vulvodynia Treatments and 6-Month Outcomes for Women Enrolled in the National Vulvodynia Registry—An Exploratory Prospective Study

Not all lasers are the same: a scoping review evaluating laser therapy for vulvodynia

References:

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2021). Vulvodynia. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 779. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 138(2), e5–e14. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004418

Harlow, B. L., & Stewart, E. G. (2003). A Population-Based Assessment of Chronic Unexplained Vulvar Pain: Have We Underestimated the Prevalence of Vulvodynia? Journal of the American Medical Women's Association (1972), 58(2), 82–88.

Reed, B. D., Harlow, S. D., Sen, A., Edwards, R. M., Chen, D., & Haefner, H. K. (2012). Relationship between Vulvodynia and Chronic Comorbid Pain Conditions. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 120(1), 145–151. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31825c20ac